APPENDIX II: ANALYSES OF THE FUELS USED IN THIS THESIS

Analysis
M1 M2/M3 G1 G2 G3/G4/G5 Orimulsion
Density @ 15 °C, kg/l (1) 0.9627 0.9644 0.9114 0.8869 0.9214 --
Viscosity @ 40 °C, cSt (2) 31.72 56.49 -- -- 71.80 --
Viscosity @ 100 °C, cSt (2) 4.73 6.51 8.30 10.10 7.60 --
Gross calorific value, MJ/kg (3) 42.58 -- 44.36 44.70 -- --
Net calorific value, MJ/kg (3) 40.69 -- 42.94 43.37 -- 30.40
Flammability point, °C (4) 126 -- -- -- -- --
Nitrogen, ppm 3,231 4,100 1,300 600 1,619 4,000
Sulphur, % by weight (5) 3.59 3.07 1.74 1.10 1.504 2.90
Carbon, % by weight 85.21 -- 85.43 85.16 -- 61.40
Hydrogen, % by weight 8.68 -- 11.71 11.83 -- 6.50
Water, % by weight -- -- -- -- -- 29.8
C/H ratio -- -- 6.47 6.45 -- --
Asphaltene content, % by weight (6) -- 0.10 0.0 0.0 -- 7.90
Ash content, % by weight (7) -- -- 0.0017 0.0014 -- 0.22
Conradson residue, % by weight (8) 0.76 -- 0.18 0.20 1.20 11.85
Ramsbottom residue, % by weight -- 0.54 -- -- -- --
Metals, ppm:
Iron 2.7 0.14 -- -- -- --
Nickel <0.2 0.20 -- -- 1.90 --
Vanadium <0.2 0.30 -- -- 3.60 460
Magnesium -- -- -- -- -- 734
Sodium 5.2 0.14 -- -- 1.70 48
Distillation range, °C: (9)
Initial point 253 345 -- -- 260 --
5 % vol 325 351 -- -- 317 --
10 % vol 346 382 -- -- 346 --
20 % vol 376 409 -- -- -- --
30 % vol 390 418 -- -- 406 --
40 % vol 405 430 -- -- -- --
50 % vol 419 437 -- -- 441 --
60 % vol 433 443 -- -- -- --
70 % vol 449 451 -- -- 484 --
80 % vol 465 464 -- -- -- --
90 % vol 489 477 -- -- 568 --
95 % vol 514 488 -- -- -- --
Final point 522 500 -- -- 581 --

These analyses, except those for Orimulsion, were provided by Repsol Petróleo S.A. and performed according to the following standard practices:

(1) Density: ASTM-D-4052
(2) Viscosity: ASTM-D-445 a
(3) Gross calorific value and net calorific value: ASTM-D-240
(4) Flammability point: ASTM-D-93
(5) Sulphur content: ASTM-D-4924
(6) Asphaltene content: IP 143
(7) Ash content: ASTM-D-482
(8) Conradson residue: ASTM-D-189
(9) Distillation range: ASTM-D-1160

Analyses of Orimulsion were provided by National Power plc.

The abbreviated designations correspond to the following samples provided by Repsol Petróleo S.A.:

M1 = M-013/95
M2 = GOPK B 58/91
M3 = GOPC B 54/93
G1 = GOPV B 48/93
G2 = GOPV B 51/93
G3 = GOPV B 74/91
G4 = GOPV B 49/93 (mayoritariamente maya)
G5 = GOPV B 52/93 (minoritariamente maya)


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Pollutant formation and interaction in the combustion of heavy liquid fuels
Luis Javier Molero de Blas, PhD thesis, University of London, 1998
© Luis Javier Molero de Blas